Showing posts with label sequencer. Show all posts
Showing posts with label sequencer. Show all posts

Monday, September 1, 2014

Railway Points Sequencer

Dedicated model rail enthusiasts using sophisticated train and points controllers often have the problem that as their layouts get bigger and more complex, the transformer supplying power to the points does not have enough current to switch several points at the same time. The actuators in the points are designed for ac operation so it doesn’t help by rectifying the supply and adding reservoir capacitors, the coils can overheat and burn out if they get jammed during their travel (ac operation actually helps to overcome friction in the mechanism). The schema shown here solves this problem by using a sequencer to ensure than only one points actuator can be active at any point in time. During operation the controller will switch all the points on one line at the same time as usual, but the other connection to each coil is connected to the sequencer unit. This schema will only allow current to flow through one coil at a time. 


Railway Railway Points Sequencer Circuit Diagram

The sequencer schema consists of a 555 timer configured as an astable multivibrator clocking a 4017 Johnson counter where the ten outputs are used to switch ten triacs in sequence, enough for ten sets of points. P1 alters the oscillator frequency of the 555 timer and can be adjusted so that each time interval of the sequencer is long enough to allow the points to switch. 

The switching time varies depending on the type of points but is typically between 1 s and 1.5 s. Any points that jam during switching give out a characteristic humming noise in time to the switching frequency so it makes them easier to find. The eleventh output of the 4017 can be connected to an LED (together with a series resistor). This will flash to give a visual indication of the sequencers operation. Power for the schema is provided by 15 V ac from the points transformer. The B80C1500 bridge rectifier (80 Vpiv, 1.5 A) and regulator IC1 produce a stabilised 12 V for the schema. Current consumption is only a few milliamps.
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Wednesday, August 20, 2014

LEDs or Lamps Sequencer

The purpose of this schema was to create a ring in which LEDs or Lamps illuminate sequentially. Its main feature is a high versatility: you can build a loop containing any number of LEDs or Lamps, as each illuminating device has its own small schema.
The diagrams show three-stage diagram for simplicity: you can add an unlimited number of stages (shown in dashed boxes), provided the last stage output was returned to the first stage input, as shown.
P1 pushbutton purpose is to allow a sure start of the sequence at power-on but, when a high number of stages is used, it also allows illumination of more than one LED or Lamp at a time, e.g. one device illuminated and three out and so on.
After power-on, P1 should be held closed until only the LED or Lamp related to the module to which the pushbutton is connected remains steady illuminated. When P1 is released the sequencer starts: if P1 is pushed briefly after the sequence is started, several types of sequence can be obtained, depending from the total number of stages.




Parts:
R1 1K5 1/4W Resistor
R2 680R 1/4W Resistor (Optional, see text)
C1 47µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
D1 LED any type
Q1 BC337 45V 800mA NPN Transistor
P1 SPST Pushbutton
LP1 Filament Lamp 12 or 24V (See text)


Notes:
If one LED per module is used, voltage supply can range from 6 to 15V.
You can use several LEDs per module. They must be wired in series and supply voltage must be related to their number.
Using 24V supply (the maximum permitted voltage), about 10 LEDs wired in series can be connected to each module, about 7 at 15V and no more than 5 at 12V.
The right number of LEDs can vary, as it is depending by their color and brightness required.
Using lamps, voltage supply can range from 9 to 24V. Obviously, lamp voltage must be the same of supply voltage.
In any case, lamps may also be wired in series, e.g. four 6V lamps wired in series can be connected to each module and powered by 24V supply.
If you intend to use lamps drawing more than 400mA current, BC337 transistors should be substituted by Darlington types like BD677, BD679, BD681, 2N6037, 2N6038, 2N6039 etc.
As Darlington transistor usually have a built-in Base-Emitter resistor, R1 may be omitted, further reducing parts counting.
Sequencer speed can be varied changing C1 value.
A similar design appeared in print about forty years ago. It used germanium transistors and low voltage lamps. I think the use of LEDs, silicon transistors, Darlington transistors and 24V supply an interesting improvement
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