Loublet Schematic

Line Follower Robot Sensor Concept - Sensor line detector is used in line follower robot is usually based on the principle of light reflectionto distinguish the line with the background color. In the dark color of the light absorption is greater than that of white light reflected to the sensor becomes smaller.

Light used for the introduction of the line is usually visible light and infra-red. Sensors for visible light are commonly used are LDR (Light Depending Resistance), while for the infrared light is atransistor and photo diode (photodiode). Sensors placed at the bottom of the frame to hang the robot, so that its position can be located just above the track to be read.

Color Sensor TCS230 color sensor is a chip that works with the converting acceptance of a certain color of light emitted into the shape of frequency. TCS230 Color Sensor composed dri two main parts, namely a light-receiving section arranged in an array photodioda and Chaya koncerter this part to the frequency. Basically the TCS230 Color Sensor is a light sensor which is equipped with light filters for RGB primary color (Red-Green-Blue) and light sensor without the filter with scale 8 bits for each of this part of the sensor.

Photodiode the TCS230 Color Sensor arrays arranged in 8 × 8 with the internal configuration of the photodiode. 16 photodiode for the light sensor with a red light filter. 16 photodiode for the light sensor with a green light filter. 16 photodiode for the light sensor with a blue light filter. And 16 photodiode for light sensor without a color filter. On the use of Color Sensor TCS230 we can choose the color sensor with a filter of what we want to set the configuration data S2 and S3.

Photodiode the TCS230 Color Sensor will issue a magnitude comparable with current levels of primary color of light that happened to him. This current is then converted into pulses with a frequency proportional to the amount of current. TCS230 Color Sensor Output frequency can be made by adjusting the scale of the configuration data S0 and S1 of the selector pins S0 and S1 Color Sensor TCS230.

Fig-1: Water Sensor/Rain alarm circuit diagram

Water sensor PCB layout:

Fig-2: PCB layout of water sensor

We can make the water sensor as shown in the image (Fig-2) using aluminum conductor like a naked wire . Here can be used other conductor but we suggesting to use aluminum.

This simple heat sensor circuit could senses heat from various electronics device like computer, amplifier etc. and generate warning alarm. It could senses heat from environment also, but here I mention “electronics device” because it is being using mostly in electronic device to protect them from overheat.

Circuit diagram of heat sensor:

Fig-1: Schematic Circuit Diagram Of Heat/Temperature Sensor

Thermistor, 110 Ohms:

Fig-2: 110 Ohms Thermistor

The proposed gas tester circuit can be simply tested by breathing into the sensor mouth which will confirm its working, since our breath contains CO2 will be immediately detected by this gas sensor circuit.
 Its resistance (which in clean air is of the order of 60 k) diminishes as soon as it detects impurities in the air. The CO concentrations normally found in exhaust gases will reduce the resistance to under 3 k. This value will vary somewhat from one sensor to another and, additionally, it is affected by air temperature, humidity, and level of heating voltage.

You will by now understand where the technical limits on measurements with semiconductor gas sensors lie. Before reading further, it may be wise to reread the description of the TCA965 window discriminator. The input voltage to lC2 (pin 8) which is set by P1 rises with increasing air pollution. The thresholds of the discriminator, corresponding to 1 per cent and 4.5 per cent CO contents respectively, are set with P2 and P3. With clean air, the input on pin 8 lies below the lower threshold (pin 7): LED D1 (green) lights because pin 2 of IC2 is logic ’0’in the range of 1.. .4.5 per cent CO, the yellow LED (D2) lights, because the input to pin 8 now lies within the window. When the CO content exceeds 4.5 per cent, red LED D3 lights, because the voltage on pin 8 now lies above the upper threshold (pin 6). So far, so good. All that remains is the setting of the thresholds, but this will be detailed under ’Assembly and calibration.  

Preheating indicator

The gas sensor must be preheated every time before it can be used. To save you having to keep looking at the clock, a small auxiliary circuit serves as flashing indicator. After the tester has been switched on, IC3, in conjunction with N3 and N4, generates a low logic level for about three minutes. Gate N2 inverts this signal so that the rectanguIar pulse generator based on Nl drives transistor T1 in rhythm with the pulse rate. After the pre—heating period has lapsed, the output of N3 goes high and the rectangular-pulse generator is inhibited. As the base of Tl is then permanently at high logic level, the LEDs light continuously instead of flash. The pre-heating period is determined by R7 and C4, while the flashing frequency depends on the values of R6 and C3.

Detect the presence of fire in the world of electronics can be done by detecting changes in temperature, the presence of UV ultraviolet rays and infrared light IR. Heat Sensor pyroelectric detectors Eltec E442-3 is a heat sensor (fire) that detect the presence of infrared ray IR, and therefore often called IR-EYE.

These sensors form of Lithium Tantalate pyroelectric parallel opposed dual element high gain detector with integrated analog signal processing. These sensors can detect heat changes from -40 to +70 degrees Celsius without change siginfikan of noise and sensitivity.

To use heat sensor pyroelectric detectors Eltec E442-3, it can take a kind of cone is covered with a fresnel lens to focus the direction of the infrared ray IR. Heat sensors then pyroelectric detectors Eltec E442-3 inserted into the cone is then connected to the microcontroller. Analog output value signals which when detects heat, the sensor will cause a drastic change in output voltage.